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Stacks, Prominent Bitcoin Layer-2 Project, Activates Long-Awaited 'Nakamoto' Upgrade

The Stacks project, led by Princeton-educated computer scientist Muneeb Ali, says the upgrade will make transactions faster and "as irreversible as Bitcoin's."

Muneeb Ali, CEO, Trust Machines, and Kyle Rojas, Global BD and Partnerships, Edge & Node / The Graph
Stacks co-founder Muneeb Ali, left, speaks at Consensus 2023. (Morgan Brown/Shutterstock for CoinDesk)

Stacks, a layer-2 blockchain project atop Bitcoin, confirmed on Tuesday the activation of its Nakamoto upgrade, designed to make transactions faster.

The project's official account on X posted that "Stacks transactions once confirmed are now at least as irreversible as Bitcoin's," and that there is a "significant reduction in transaction times."

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The upgrade also will provide a "technical foundation for sBTC launching later this year," according to the post.

Stacks, co-founded by Muneeb Ali, a Princeton-educated computer scientist who also serves as CEO of the Bitcoin-focused development firm Trust Machines, is seen as one of the oldest and most credible efforts building layer-2 networks atop the Bitcoin blockchain – no small claim given that more than 80 such projects have sprung up over the past couple years.

Ali told CoinDesk earlier this year that he saw Bitcoin as the "apex predator" in the blockchain industry – despite the far-greater success of so-called smart-contract blockchains like Ethereum and Solana that are designed for greater programmability, and have attracted entire ecosystems of applications devoted to things like decentralized finance (DeFi) and gaming.

The upgrade has been the centerpiece of Stack's roadmap, with initial phases of the implementation began earlier this year, and then several delays before full activation.

Bradley Keoun

Bradley Keoun is CoinDesk's managing editor of tech & protocols, where he oversees a team of reporters covering blockchain technology, and previously ran the global crypto markets team. A two-time Loeb Awards finalist, he previously was chief global finance and economic correspondent for TheStreet and before that worked as an editor and reporter for Bloomberg News in New York and Mexico City, reporting on Wall Street, emerging markets and the energy industry. He started out as a police-beat reporter for the Gainesville Sun in Florida and later worked as a general-assignment reporter for the Chicago Tribune. Originally from Fort Wayne, Indiana, he double-majored in electrical engineering and classical studies as an undergraduate at Duke University and later obtained a master's in journalism from the University of Florida. He is currently based in Austin, Texas, and in his spare time plays guitar, sings in a choir and hikes in the Texas Hill Country. He owns less than $1,000 each of several cryptocurrencies.

Bradley Keoun